Egyptians have utilized and prospered from their wildlife resources since prehistoric times. They have also documented it on rock drawings, wall paintings, reliefs, and mummified animals. Wild animals were hunted for food and sport, kept as pets, and worshiped as gods. These records and the wealth of artifacts related to the wildlife show the ancient Egyptians’ deep understanding and appreciation of the animal world, which was integral to their culture and way of life.
Egypt is also endowed with a diverse wildlife. In fact, the faunal diversity greatly reflects the country’s unique position and wide range of ecosystems. It is divided into three categories: mammals, birds, and reptiles and amphibians.

There are over 120 species of mammals known from Egypt. Small mammals, such as rodents, are the most numerous and diverse. Large terrestrial mammals, however, are well represented with six canids, six felids, and four ungulates.

Mammals are the most difficult to observe, as many of them are rare, others are nocturnal or inhabit remote locations. Very often, all one sees of mammals in Egypt is their tracks, feces, burrows or, unfortunately, their carcasses.

Birds are the most visible and prominent wildlife in Egypt. Over 470 different species of birds have been recorded. Only about one third, or some 150 species, are residents, found in Egypt throughout the year, while the vast majority of birds in Egypt are migratory. Furthermore, Egypt is of a global importance for birds; it is situated on the major migration routes for birds traveling between breeding grounds in Eurasia and winter quarters in Africa.

Reptiles and amphibians are the most numerous terrestrial vertebrate fauna. There are 112 species recorded, and there is still much to be learned about Egypt’s reptile and amphibian life.