Equus africanus Heuglin & Fitzinger, 1866.

This relative of the domestic donkey is 115-125 cm high at the shoulder. The back is pale grey with a reddish sheen and a variable shoulder cross; legs are variably barred, the mane on the head and neck is short and erect; the erect ears are very large and the tail is long with a black tuft. The Wild Ass is adapted to living in semi-desert areas with desert vegetation and is remarkably agile in rocky terrain. It is herbivorous with large flat-topped teeth adapted for tearing and chewing the tough plant material on which it feeds. This is a social animal that may be seen in groups of two to ten animals. Breeding may take place throughout the year, the gestation period is 11-13 months and a single foal is born. In Egypt, although this threatened animal is likely to have interbred with domestic donkeys, it is probably still to be found in the area of Gebel Elba. Its entire range is limited to the region from Somalia to southeast Egypt.

Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758).

A large animal about 103-109 cm head-and-body length; the short tail is 30 cm. The overall color is greyish-brown with broken transverse black stripes on the back and a marked black spinal crest. It is noticeably higher at the shoulder than at the rump and the head is massive. The hyaena inhabits desert areas bordering the Nile Valley, entering cultivated areas at night to feed and drink; it also dwells in remote areas with its den in rocky hills and crevices. It is a generally solitary, nocturnal scavenger; its food consists largely of carrion as well as gazelles, rodents, birds, and vegetable matter; it probably follows the camel caravans in anticipation of dead camels. Its powerful jaws and teeth allow it to crack the largest bones to get to the marrow within. One to six cubs are born after a gestation period of 88-92 days. In Egypt, the hyaena is widespread, especially in the Nile Valley. Worldwide, it ranges from India and Transcaucasia through the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828).

A relatively small marine mammal; this dolphin is 180-210 cm long and weighs 45-75 kg. This very variable animal is generally slender with a long, thin beak; the dorsal fin is curved; the flippers are large and pointed. The color is dark grey to black above, light grey to tan on the sides; the underparts are pale; a dark stripe runs from the flipper to the eye. The Spinner Dolphin inhabits both inshore waters and deeper waters out at sea. It is a nocturnal feeder; its food consists of squid and fish and it sometimes feeds at 25 m deep or more. It is easily recognized by the acrobatic spinning jumps that give it its name. The female matures at about 165-170 cm long, the gestation period is 10½ months and a single calf is born every two to three years. These social mammals may be seen in groups of up to 1000 individuals. They are found in the Egyptian waters of the Red Sea and are distributed in all warm tropical waters of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. They are severely threatened by the modern fishing methods and often get caught in the fishing nets and drowned.

Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar, 1826).

The most noticeable feature of the Scimitar-horned Oryx is the long, slender horns that curve up and over the back on both males and females. It is believed that this animal gave rise to the legend of the unicorn. This large antelope which is about 205 cm length has a white coat with russet or brown patches on the nose and forehead and a stripe through the eye from the base of the ear and horn; the neck and chest are brown as is the long tail tuft. Its habitat is the grassy steppe, semi-deserts, and deserts where it eats grasses, herbs, roots, fruit, leaves, and vegetation. It is a desert-adapted animal that is capable of surviving without water for long periods. A single calf is born after a gestation period of about eight months. It is endangered throughout its range from Sudan to Senegal and has become extinct in Egypt during the last 100 years.

Felis margarita Loche, 1858.

The Sand Cat is a small animal of an average 46 cm head-and-body length; the tail is 23 cm. The long silky fur is pale grizzled buff; paler on the underparts and the short legs and tail are banded; the soles and palms are completely covered with long curly hair, which protects them from the heat of the sand and enables the cat to move fast on the loose surface. The broad ears are set low on the head, making it look flat; the eyes are large and set forward on the face. The Sand Cat is totally adapted to its sandy desert habitat, often spending long periods without drinking water. This nocturnal carnivore eats reptiles, rodents, and birds. The low-set ears enable it to stalk its prey in areas with a little cover by presenting a low profile. Between two and five kittens are born after a gestation period of 60-90 days. The life span is up to 13 years. This rare and seldom seen cat has been reported from Sinai and sandy areas of the Eastern Desert. Its global distribution is across North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and east to southern Turkestan.

Gazella leptoceros (F. Cuvier, 1842).

This is the palest gazelle; pale yellowish on the back and the undersides are white with indistinct markings. It is from 100-110 cm long; height at the shoulder is from 65-72 cm. The horns are long and slender in the males, smaller and slimmer in the females. The hooves are slightly spread to ease the movement on soft sand. The Slender-horned Gazelle lives almost entirely in sandy desert areas and feeds on desert plants including spiny shrubs, leaves, and grasses; it rarely has access to water. It is active during cooler parts of the day and possibly at night. The gestation period is 156-169 days; normally a single calf is born. In the past, its main predators were Cheetahs and Jackals but today its worst enemy is the man, and it is an endangered species due to the excessive hunting.

Capra nubiana F. Cuvier, 1825.

The Nubian Ibex is a large relative of the domestic goat; its head-and-body length is 105-125 cm long and 65-75 cm high at the shoulder. The upper parts are brownish with a dark crest along the spine. The nose is black, and there are black markings on the legs. The male has a black beard, and powerful ridged and backswept horns. The female is beardless with smaller and smoother horns. The Nubian Ibex is remarkable for its agility; it lives in rocky wadis, cliffs, and mountains where it can climb very rapidly. It eats acacia leaves, woody shrubs, and roots and must drink every day; sometimes it travels long distances to find water. Mating is during late summer when the males become aggressive towards other males. After a gestation period of five months, one or two young are born. Its predators were formerly Leopards, but nowadays they are vulnerable to hunters when they come down from the mountains to drink and are now endangered.

Vulpes zerda (Zimmermann, 1780).

This delightful little animal with huge ears is the smallest fox in the world with an average length of 37 cm; the tail is 21 cm; height at the shoulder is 20 cm and it weighs just 1 kg. The long, silky coat is pale grizzled sandy; the relatively short tail is tipped black. Pads of soles and palms are completely covered with long hair, enabling it to move rapidly in its sandy habitat. The Fennec is totally adapted to life in the desert and is believed to be the only carnivore that can live entirely without water. It eats insects and insect larvae, lizards, small rodents, birds, and plant material. It is mainly nocturnal in habit. It lives in groups of up to ten animals; burrows are dug in the sand usually near vegetation. Breeding takes place in January and February; the gestation period is 49-52 days, after which 1-3 young are born. This animal is distributed across North Africa, north Sinai, and in Kuwait. It is globally threatened due to being hunted for its fur and for the pet trade.

Gazella dorcas (Linnaeus, 1758).

This small gazelle averages 90 cm in length and is 55 or 56 cm high at the shoulder. Its color is sandy-reddish on the back with a dark stripe on each side. There are a distinct white eye ring and two stripes, one white and one dark brown, running from the eye to the corner of the mouth on each side of the face. The male has ridged lyre-shaped horns; the horns of the female are straighter and more slender. The Dorcas Gazelle lives in both rocky and sandy desert and feeds on desert plants, especially acacia leaves, thorns, flowers, and pods. It must drink water and is said to be able to survive for only twelve days without water in winter. It is active from dusk to dawn. The gestation period is five and a half months and a single calf is born; rarely twins. The principal predators of this animal were formerly cheetahs and leopards, but today, man is its worst enemy and it is endangered because of illegal hunting.

Vulpes cana Blanford, 1877.

This is a beautiful small fox of 42 cm head-and-body length; the tail is 30 cm. The soft fur is brownish on the back becoming more greyish towards the rear; underparts are paler. On each side of the face, a dark stripe runs from the inner corner of the eye to the corner of the mouth. The long very bushy tail is black tipped; the ears are large. Blanford’s Fox lives in semi-arid steppe and rocky mountain areas; it is extremely agile and escapes danger by jumping to safety on rock shelves. It is strictly nocturnal and monogamous and is a solitary hunter. It is omnivorous and eats insects, including grasshoppers, scorpions, and small mammals; it is reported to be more frugivorous than other foxes and eats a variety of fruits. Breeding occurs between December and January, and after the gestation period of 50 to 60 days 1-3 young are born. This fox is rare in Egypt having only been discovered in the country in recent years and is distributed in parts of Sinai and the Eastern Desert. Its global distribution is from Egypt through the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula to as far north as Uzbekistan.